Analytical Chemistry & Drug Development

Analytical chemistry is that the study of the separation, identification, quality control and quality assurance of the chemical parts of natural and artificial materials. The maintenance of a desired level of quality in an exceedingly service or product, particularly by means that of attention to each stage of the method of delivery or production.

It representing Such Ion sensors, Proteins and DNA Sequences in unnatural samples, Method development and validation reports.

• DNA sequencing
• Ion sensors
• Method development and validation reports
• Detect fake drugs quickly

An analytical technique is a method that is used to determine the concentration of a chemical compound or chemical element.There are a wide variety of techniques used for analysis, from simple weighing (gravimetric analysis) to titrations (titrimetric) to very advanced techniques using highly specialized instrumentation. The most common techniques used in analytical chemistry are the following:

• Titrimetric, based on the quantity of reagent needed to react with the analytics.
• Electro analytical methods, including potentiometry  and voltammetry;
• Spectroscopy, based on the differential interaction of the analyte along with electromagnetic radiation;
• Chromatography, in which the analytic is separated from the rest of the sample so that it may be measured without interference from other compounds.

Analytical chemistry underpins pharmaceutical drug development by providing assurance of the quality, safety and efficacy of new medicines. This course is an overview of the areas in which analytical chemistry plays a vital role in developing a new drug. There is a focus on HPLC as being the most important analytical procedure in today's pharmaceutical industry, but other techniques are also covered, for instance those used to investigate polymorphism in new drugs. The applicability of regulatory guidance, particularly which from ICH, to analytical chemistry is also covered in this course. It is also recommended for project team members working alongside analytical chemists, as well as analysts requiring a broad overview of their role in the pharmaceutical industry.

Analytical chemistry consists of classical, wet chemical methods and modern, instrumental methods. Classical qualitative methods use separations such as precipitation, extraction, and distillation. Identification may be based on differences in colour, odor, melting point, boiling point, radioactivity or reactivity.

A separation process is a method that converts a mixture or solution of chemical substances into two or more distinct product mixtures. At least one of results of the separation is enriched in one or more of the source mixture's constituents. In some cases, a separation may fully divide the mixture into pure constituents. Separations exploit differences in chemical properties or physical properties (such as size, shape, mass, density, or chemical affinity) between the constituents of a mixture.

Separation techniques

1) Adsorption, adhesion of atoms, ions or molecules of gas, liquid, or dissolved solids to a surface.

2) Centrifugation and cyclonic separation, separates based on density differences.

3) Chelation.

An analytical technique is a method that is used to determine the concentration of a chemical compound or chemical element. There is the following advance analytical technique-

1. NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance)
2. XRF (X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry)
3. ICP-OES (Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy)
4. ICP-MS (Inductively Coupled Plasma – Mass Spectrometry)
5. GC-MS (Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry)
6. FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared Analysis)
7. SEM/EDX (Scanning Electron Microscopy/Energy Dispersive Analysis)
8. XRD (X-Ray Diffraction)
9. GPC (Gel Permeability Chromatography)
10. IC (Ion Chromatography)
11. GC (Gas Chromatography)

The primary goal of analytical technique is to acquire basic concepts, principles, and techniques of modern analytical chemistry that would empower students with an analytical mind set and the abilities to solve diverse analytical problems in an efficient and quantitative way that conveys the importance of accuracy and precision of the analytical results.

• Establish an appreciation of the role of chemistry in quantitative analysis
• Develop an understanding of the broad role of the chemist in measurement and problem solving for analytical tasks.
• Provide an understanding of chemical methods employed for elemental and compound analysis.
• Provide experience in some scientific methods employed in analytical chemistry.
• Develop some understanding of the professional and safety responsibilities residing in working on chemical analysis.

Radio analytical chemistry focuses on the analysis of sample for their radionuclide content. Various methods are employed to purify and identify the radioelement of interest through chemical methods and sample measurement techniques.

Radioanalytical chemistry principles

• Sample loss by radiocolloidal behaviour
• Carrier or tracer addition
• Quality assurance

Green Chemistry is the utilization of a set of principles that reduces or eliminates the use or generation of hazardous substances in the design, manufacture and application of chemical products.

The Twelve Principles of Green Chemistry

• Prevention
• Atom Economy
• Less Hazardous Chemical Syntheses
• Designing Safer Chemicals
• Use of Renewable Feedstocks
• Reduce Derivatives
• Catalysis
• Design for Degradation
• Real-time analysis for Pollution Prevention
• Inherently Safer Chemistry for Accident Prevention

Future analytical techniques in DNA analysis ought to be important to induce absolute leads to medication. The foremost common techniques utilized in analytical chemistry unit space are follows:  titrimetric, Electrochemistry ways during which, still as potentiometer and voltammetry; spectroscopy, supported the differential interaction of the analyte. Forensic DNA analysis, testing is seriously hampered by a growing backlog of compound samples by exploitation.

• Process analytical technology
• Electrochemical method
• Human drug metabolism
• Standard of technique
• Pharmacological activity
• DNA Analysis

Clinical diagnostics instruments are used to detect health and disease state markers. Some of the key measurements that diagnostic analyzers are used for are:

• Metabolic markers (blood chemistry) such as glucose, urea, and potassium
• Liver function tests
• Heart disease and heart attack indicators
• Thyroid disease markers
• Various blood cell counts and blood cell size
• Viral and microbial infection such as HIV or H. pylori
• Immunological markers and antibodies

Key specifications for purchasing clinical diagnostics equipment:

• The two biggest factors that will drive your decisions will be the setting that the equipment is used in, and regulatory compliance:
• Research science can use RUO (research use only) kits and methods to accomplish their measurements.
• In settings where medical patient testing occurs, FDA approved equipment and kits approved for IVD use are used.

Analytical chemists use their knowledge of chemistry, instrumentation, computers, and statistics to solve problems in almost all areas of chemistry and for all kinds of industries. For example, their measurements are used to assure the safety and quality of food, pharmaceuticals, and water; to assure compliance with environmental and other regulations; to support the legal process; to help physicians diagnose diseases; and to provide measurements and documentation essential to trade and commerce.

• Drug formulation and development
• Chemical or forensic analysis
• Process development
• Quality control
• Production officer